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Wednesday, December 14, 2011

Short summary of the functions and features of MIMO




Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) may in a most generalized way be viewed as the use of pre-coding with multiple antennas at both the transmitter and the receiver arranged to operate in one of the 2 following ways: 

  • Single stream: both diversity and array (beamforming) gain can be accomplished for increasing the carrier-to-interference-ratio which is typically used in bad channel conditions or at the cell edge borders for increased coverage. The pre-coding weights are selected such that the data streams from the two antennas can be combined coherently into a single stream. A new and modified type of CQI is used that consists of 5 bits carrying the Pre Coding Information (PCI) and the CQI itself.
  • Dual stream: Transmission in multiple layers or streams for increasing the maximum achievable data rate. This is also known as spatial multiplexing and requires high carrier-to-interference-ratio and is therefore typically only used near the nodeB and in good channel conditions. Pre-coding is used in this case to create two orthogonal data streams that can carry separate flows of information. By choosing the weights for the second stream as the orthogonal eigenvectors of the covariance matrix at the receiver, the two streams will not interfere with each other and the bit rate may be doubled in this way. The physical layer HARQ processing for each stream is identical to the single stream case meaning that one ack/nack is transmitted for each stream. The CQI in this case has been extended to 8 bits and contains separate information for each flow.

All devices supporting MIMO has to be capable of receiving 15 channelization codes. The system has been extended in later/coming releases for higher number of layers/ranks each requiring an additional pair of transmit/receive antennas and allowing for a doubling in the bitrate for each doubling in the layers/rank.  

Saturday, November 19, 2011

System Architecture Evolution


Functional split between RAN and CN

  • For WCDMA/HSPA, the philosophy behind the functional split between RAN and CN is to hide all the radio interface functionality from the CN meaning that, any radio access technology can be used with the same CN
  • The LTE RAN builds on the same philosophy as WCDMA/HSPA with an added key design feature, to minimize the number of nodes.

WCDMA/HSPA RAN

  • In HSPA, the node B handles all physical layer functions except for macro-diversity which is handled by the RNC
  • Serving and drift RNC is one way of handling a terminal that has moved to a cell that is under another RNC. Another way is SRNS relocation.
  • In addition to macro-diversity, security functions is another reason for keeping the RNC since the large number of nodeB’s and the sometimes hard-to-protect locations they are used in is considered to make them unsafe for hosting sensitive functionality.

LTE RAN

  • For LTE, it was decided that the gains of keeping the RNC does not motivate the increased complexity and so, it was removed along with macro-diversity.
  • The e-nodeB is connected to the CN using the S1 interface. The e-nodeB’s are interconnected using the X2 interface which is mainly used for connected mode mobility.

Evolved Packet Core(EPC)

The nodes for the Evolved Packet Core is:                                                                                  

  • Mobility Management Entity(MME): this is the control plane node
  • Serving Gateway: this is the user plane node that connects the EPC to the LTE RAN
  • Packet Data Network Gateway(PDN Gateway): this is the user plane node that connects the EPC to the Internet
·         S1 flex enables a more robust network. If one of the EPC nodes becomes unavailable another one can cover in its place
·         EPC does not only connect to 3GPP RAN’s. In particular, WIFI, WIMAX and CDMA2000/EV-DO access support is planned.






Monday, November 14, 2011

LTE advanced

General
  • 3GPP release 10 (LTE advanced) is fulfilling the requirements for IMT-advanced aka 4G
  • Support for 1Gbps in down-link and 500Mbps in the up-link.
  • Increased transmission bandwidth up to 100Mhz.
  • AT&T plans to be the first NW to launch LTE-Advanced in 2013.
Wider bandwidth and carrier aggregation:

  • To reach the peak data rates that are planned for LTE advanced, increased transmission bandwidth is necessary.
  • Carrier aggregation provides increased bandwidth on adjacent channels. However, LTE advanced is also aiming for spectrum aggregation which may fully utilize non adjacent spectrum fragments from same or different bands although this is considered to be a highly complex procedure that will only be implemented in the most advanced (and expensive systems).
Multi antenna solutions:
  •       Spatial multiplexing for up-link will be supported in LTE advanced.
  •            Down-link spatial multiplexing will be extended with up to 8 layers.

Advanced repeaters and relaying:

  • Different relaying systems and repeaters may be utilized to increase the SNR to the levels that are necessary for high bit rates transmission. A wide range of implementations are envisioned ranging from low-cost, low-complexity systems to advanced solutions that can be seen as miniature base-stations known as “home nodeB’s” or femto-cells

Thursday, November 10, 2011

HD-Voice

Anyone remember AMR-WB? well it's back in the shape of HD-Voice and it seems to be finally happening (see the rapidly growing list of NW's and phones with support below). I for one cannot understand why it took so long for the operators to figure out the impact of this one on user experience. I mean, noticably better sound quality everytime you make a voice call? anyone? It's the simplest things that does it right......

goto http://www.voiceage.com/amrwb.php where you can here for yourself


Devices with HD-Voice support

NW's with HD-Voice suppport