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Tuesday, March 20, 2012
Sunday, February 12, 2012
HSDPA fast facts
Basics
Key features
The HS-SCCH is transmitted in parallel with the HS-DSCH and carries the following information:
Scheduling:
Rate control
HARQ
The UE HSDPA categories describe the UE capabilities in terms of:
HSDPA is based on shared channel transmission in the time and code domain
by enabling channel dependent scheduling in the nodeB based on frequent and
highly accurate channel status reports from the terminals. In this way,
terminals that are reporting good channel conditions are favored in the
following scheduling moments. This approach increases the overall system
throughput. HSDPA also uses a 2 ms TTI which enables faster and more efficient
adaption of the transmitted signal to the varying channel conditions of a time
dispersive channel. Furthermore, by controlling the bit rate with regular
updates of the code rate, transport block size and modulation scheme, the
transmission power can be utilized close to the max at nearly all times which
is an improvement compared to earlier
releases which employed power controlled schemes.. Finally, Hybrid Automatic
Repeat Request (HARQ) is introduced which enables a fast retransmission scheme
for the majority of all retransmissions on top of legacy, slow RLC
retransmissions which now only serves as a safe and reliable backup scheme in
the rare event that HARQ fails. A new sub-layer, mac-hs is introduced in the nodeB
and is in charge of the scheduling, rate control and HARQ. By placing these
features closer to the air interface, signalling between the nodeB and the RNC
is minimized which reduces latency and improves the accuracy of the chosen
transmission parameters.
High Speed-Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH)
- HS-DSCH is the transport channel used to support
shared channel transmission, fast scheduling and 2ms TTI.
- HS-DSCH consists of a set of 16 channelization
codes (each with spreading factor 16) which corresponds to 16 High Speed
Physical Downlink Shared Channels (HS-PDSCH)
- To allow for code resources used for other
purposes (R99 DCH) only 15 codes are available for HS-DSCH
- HS-DSCH resources can be shared in the code
domain as well as in the time domain
- All transmission power that remains after serving all other channels is assigned to the rate-controlled HS-DSCH which gives a more or less constant transmission power.
The HS-SCCH is transmitted in parallel with the HS-DSCH and carries the following information:
- HS-DSCH transport format: channelization code
set, modulation scheme and transport block size.
- HARQ information: HARQ process number, redundancy
version and new data indicator.
The HS-SCCH
information is split in two parts depending on how urgently the receiver needs
the information:
- Part 1: channelization code set and modulation
scheme for the HS-DSCH.
- Part 2: transport block size and HARQ parameters.
For
identification needs, part 1 and 2 use different methods:
- part two contains a CRC which is also used for
identification of the receiving UE
- part one uses a terminal specific masking
operation which enables identification of the receiving UE.
High Speed-Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH) and Fractional-Dedicated
Physical Channel (F-DPCH)
- ACK-NACK’s for each TTI that the UE has been
scheduled in is sent in the uplink on High Speed Dedicated Physical
Control Channel (HS-DPCCH).
- Measurements on the downlink channel quality made
by the UE are sent in the form of a Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) on the
HS-DPCCH.
- HS-DPCCH has a fixed spreading factor of 256 and
2ms/3-slot structure. First slot is used for HARQ and remaining two for
CQI’s.
- The F-DPCH is a slot format DPCH for Transmission
Power Control (TPC) bits only which allows up to ten different users to
share a single channelization code
- The scheduler in Mac-hs decides what part of the
shared code and power resources should be assigned to a user in a certain
TTI.
- Efficient scheduling relies on information about
the instantaneous channel conditions which is conveyed by the CQI’s as
well as buffer status information at the nodeB and negotitated QoS.
- The CQI value which is received by the node B is
directly mapped to a transport block size, modulation scheme and number of
channelization codes.
- Efficient scheduling also relies on buffer status
information at the UE.
- Certain types of data such as RRC signaling is
prioritized in the scheduling process.
- Since downlink scheduling takes place in the
nodeB, HSDPA does not support macro-diversity or soft handover.
- The data rate is adjusted for every TTI by
selecting the most appropriate modulation, transport block size and
channel coding based on the instantaneous channel conditions.
- Although HSDPA is rate controlled and not power
controlled, power can still change due to variations in power requirements
for other downlink channels.
- HARQ functionality resides in both physical layer
and MAC.
- HARQ introduces faster retransmissions compared
to RLC since there is no signaling between nodeB and RNC and more frequent
status reports (every TTI).
- For continuous transmission to a single UE,
multiple HARQ-processes can operate in parallel.
- The number of parallel HARQ processes should
match the roundtrip time between the UE and the nodeB.
- Due to the multiple HARQ processes, the order of
the transmitted transport-blocks may become corrupted at the receiver and
therefore a mechanism for putting them back in sequence is required before
they are passed on to higher layers (RLC)
- In case a NAK is misinterpreted as an ACK by the
transmitting HARQ entity, RLC will detect the error and request the
necessary retransmission.
- For HSDPA, HARQ retransmissions are made in
asynchronous and adaptive mode which means that they they can be sent at
any time and with any transport format.
- A one-bit new data indicator is used in the
transport blocks to distinguish between retransmissions and new data.
- ACK/NACK's are always sent at predefined
intervals after receiving the transport block. In this way the UE always
knows which HARQ process they belong to
Mobility
- The UE measurements reports are initiated and
managed by the RNC.
- The RNC can order the UE to change it’s serving
cell based on the measurements reports.
- When change of HS-DSCH serving cell takes place
between different node B's, the source node B will flush it's buffers and
it's up to RLC retransmissions to recover the lost PDU's.
- However, with perfect timing of when to stop
forwarding PDU's to the source cell retransmission can be completely
avoided.
- If both source and target cell belong to the same
nodeB and it supports HARQ preservation, the buffer content at the time of
the serving cell change will be transfered from the source cell to the
target cell.
- Change in the serving HS-DSCH cell may be
triggered by measurement event 1D
UE categories
The UE HSDPA categories describe the UE capabilities in terms of:
- Maximum number of HS-DSCH codes received
- Minimum inter-TTI interval
- Maximum transport block size
- Maximum number of schemes
- Supported modulation
Constellation rearrangement
- Due to the outline of the symbol constellation
diagram for higher modulation degrees, certain symbols (and transmitted
bits) have a shorter distance to some of the neighbors in the diagram
which makes them more likely to be received in error.
- For turbo codes, systematic bits are of greater
importance than parity bits.
- For these reasons, there is a gain in rearranging
the symbol constellation between retransmissions with regards to both
parity bits and bits that were previously received in error.
Channel Quality Indicator (CQI)
The CQI value can be seen as a measure of the downlink
channel quality as perceived from the terminals side. It is transmitted in
every reporting period to the nodeB which uses this information for scheduling
of further downlink data transmissions. Due to the shorter TTI in HSDPA the
channel conditions are more static or, have less time to change, during the
length of one TTI which improves the accuracy of the reports.
·
Based on
SIR-measurements on the Common Pilot Indicator Channel (CPICH)
·
CQI is sent on
the HS-DPCCH together with the ACK/NACK’s
·
An increase of
one step in the CQI value represents an increase of SIR of the CPICH by one db
·
Each 5 bit CQI
value is directly mapped to a transport block size (TBS), number of
channelization code and modulation degree. Depending on the capabilities of the
receiver, these values may differ between receivers for each CQI value.
·
The nodeB uses
these mapped values as an input to the scheduling algorithm. However, he
scheduling algorithm for most implementations also considers other parameters
such as buffer status and priority levels.
·
The CQI values
range between 0(worst) and 30(highest).
·
For highest
efficiency and utilization of the retransmission and error correcting coding
schemes, the CQI value chosen should result in a block error rate (BLER) not
exceeding 10%. A too low BLER would lead to an under-utilization of the system.
·
CQI values is
not only based on measurements of the common pilot channel SIR and EcN0. Other
factors include: multipath environment, terminal receiver type, ratio of
interference of the own base station compared with others.
·
CQI values and
their respective mappings to TBS, number of channelization codes and modulation
degree for each HSDPA category can be found in 3GPP spec 25.214
·
CQI values and
their respective mappings to TBS, number of channelization codes and modulation
degree for each HSDPA category can be found in 3GPP spec 25.214
Saturday, February 11, 2012
SUPL fast facts
SUPL was developed by the Open Mobile Alliance1 (OMA),
a mobile communications industry forum that was created to bring open
standards, platform independence, and global interoperability to the LBS
market. More than 360 companies are represented in OMA, including MNOs and
NEVs, wireless vendors, mobile device manufacturers, content and service
providers, and other suppliers. SUPL standards acknowledge Assisted GPS (AGPS)
as the most accurate location technology available today. SUPL architecture is
composed of two basic elements: a SUPL Enabled Terminal (SET) and a SUPL Location
Platform (SLP). The SET is a mobile device, such as a phone or PDA, which has
been configured to support SUPL transactions. The SLP is a server or network
equipment stack that handles tasks associated with user authentication,
location requests, location-based application downloads, charging, and roaming.
The core strength
of SUPL is the utilization, wherever possible, of existing protocols, IP
connections, and data-bearing channels. SUPL standards are complementary to and
compatible with C-Plane standards. SUPL supports C-Plane protocols developed
for the exchange of location data between a mobile device and a wireless
network, including RRLP3 and TIA-80144. SUPL also supports MLP (Mobile Location
Protocol) and ULP (UserPlane Location Protocol). MLP is used in the exchange of
LBS data between elements such as an SLP and a GMLC, or between two SLPs; ULP
is used in the exchange of LBS data between an SLP and an SET.
Implementation: SUPL vs.
C-Plane
Two functional entities must
be added to the C-Plane network in order to support location services: a
Serving Mobile Location Center (SMLC), which controls the coordination and
scheduling of the resources required to locate the mobile device; and a Gateway
Mobile Location Center (GMLC), which controls the delivery of position data,
user authorization, charging, and more. Although simple enough in concept, the
actual integration of SMLCs and GMLCs into the Control Plane requires
multi-vendor, multi-platform upgrades, as well as modifications to the
interfaces between the various network elements. As with any complex endeavor,
the larger the scope of the program and the more parties that are involved, the
greater the number of points at which failures can occur. LBS through SUPL is
much less cumbersome. The SLP takes on most of the tasks that would normally be
assigned to the SMLC and GMLC, drastically reducing interaction with Control
Plane elements. SUPL supports the same protocols for location data that were
developed for the C-Plane, which means little or no modification of C-Plane
interfaces is required.
AGPS for Location-Based
Services
The“A” in AGPS is the
assistance data provided to mobile AGPS devices through a wireless network.
With this data, mobile devices equipped with AGPS can compute positions more
quickly and in much more difficult environments. Traditional GPS receivers work
best in open areas that offer an unobstructed line of sight to the GPS
satellites orbiting overhead. In places where GPS signals are weak, obstructed,
or scattered, as is the case inside an office building or in an urban canyon,
traditional GPS receivers compute positions intermittently at best and
frequently cannot compute positions at all.
Call Flows
In the network-initiated and SET-initiated call flows detailed below, the
GMLC does nothing more than provide the initial position for the position
calculation sequence that is conducted between the SLP and the SET. The SLP and
the SET communicate through ULP, a binary protocol that supports eight basic
messages. These messages are used to initiate a SUPL session, exchange
positioning and authentication data, and end a SUPL session. Communication
between the SLP, the Client application, and the GMLC is done through MLP. Only
two MLP message types, SLIR (Standard Location Immediate Request) and SLIA
(Standard Location Immediate Answer), are used in either transaction sequence.
This is important because although MLP is very complex, utilization of MLP in
SUPL architecture is not.
Network
initiated request
Step 1. The Client application
queries for the location of the targeted SET by sending an SLIR message
(Standard Location Immediate Request) to the SLP. The message contains an ID
for the targeted SET, positioning preferences, routing information, and a
transaction code. The SLP authenticates the request and then determines whether
the transaction will be based on AGPS or another positioning resource.
Step 2. The SLP sends a SUPL INIT message to the targeted SET through SMS or WAP push. The message contains an access code, an address for the SLP, parameters for the positioning method that will be used, and a unique, SLP-generated Session ID.
Step 6. The GMLC authenticates the request, then queries its Cell ID
database to find the latitude and longitude of the Cell ID referenced in the
SLIR message. The latitude and longitude of the Cell ID will serve as the
initial position for the position calculation.
SET
initiated request
Step 1. The SET connects to an IP network through GPRS, EDGE, or other
means.
Step 6. The SLP sends a SUPL RESPONSE message to the SET, which identifies
the positioning method that will be used, and contains a unique Session ID that
is a combination of the Session ID generated by the SET and a Session ID
generated by the SLP. This compound Session ID will be used in all of the
remaining messages exchanged between the SET and the SLP. The SUPL RESPONSE
message may also contain an address for the SLP and authentication data if the
transaction requires authorization.
GLOSSARY
SET
|
SUPL Enabled Terminal. A device that can communicate with a SUPL network.
Communication with the SUPL network is handled
|
LBS
|
Location-Based Services. An extension of LCS that includes a wide variety
of real-time services and takes advantage of burgeoning wideband wireless
communication services.
|
LCS
|
Location Services. A generic term for services and related applications
that are based on the geographic location of a mobile device, and are
channeled primarily through wireless communication networks.
|
LSP
|
Location Services Provider. A mobile network operator or SUPL provider
that manages location services for LBS subscribers.
|
SLP
|
SUPL Location
Platform at the center of Figure 3 is responsible for all aspects of SUPL
communication between the SET and the rest of the SUPL-enabled network. The
SLP also provides all AGPS data services from the embedded AGPS Server
engine, including providing assistance data and performing position
computations.
|
MLP
|
MLP is used in the exchange
of LBS data between elements such as an SLP and a GMLC, or between two SLPs.
|
ULP
|
ULP is used in the exchange
of LBS data between an SLP and an SET.
|
SMLC
|
Serving Mobile Location Center (SMLC), which controls the coordination
and scheduling of the resources required to locate the mobile device
|
GMLC
|
Gateway Mobile Location Center (GMLC), which controls the delivery of
position data, user authorization, charging, and more.
|
Saturday, February 4, 2012
What is coming next after LTE and IMT-Advanced
Here’s an
interesting prediction of what is possible to expect of mobile networks in year 2020. In short this presentation
predicts:
·
256 cores CPU’s
·
Storage
cost down to 1USD/TB and with 30% stored in the “cloud”
·
Overall
latency pushed down to 1ms by using a shorter frame length
·
Spectral
efficiency can be improved by 10x by managing inter cell interference
·
10x
more available spectrum
·
10x
more base stations where 80% will be micro cells or smaller
This leads
to the rather staggering number of 1000x increase in capacity by 2020 !!!
(spectral efficiency*available spectrum*more
base stations)=10*10*10=1000
Tuesday, January 24, 2012
Channel quality indicator (CQI)
FAST FACTS:
CQI is used in HSDPA as a measure of the downlink channel quality as perceived by the terminal which transmits the CQI values regularly to the nodeB which uses this information for scheduling of further downlink data transmissions.
CQI is used in HSDPA as a measure of the downlink channel quality as perceived by the terminal which transmits the CQI values regularly to the nodeB which uses this information for scheduling of further downlink data transmissions.
·
Based
on SIR-measurements on the Common Pilot Indicator Channel (CPICH)
·
An
increase of one step in the CQI value represents an increase of SIR of the
CPICH by one db
·
Each
5 bit CQI value is directly mapped to a transport block size (TBS), number of
channelization code and modulation degree. Depending on the capabilities of the
receiver, these values may differ between receivers for each CQI value.
·
The
nodeB uses these mapped values as an input to the scheduling algorithm.
·
The
scheduling algorithm for most implementations also considers other parameters
such as buffer status and priority levels.
·
The
CQI values range between 0(worst) and 30(highest).
·
CQI
values and their respective mappings to TBS, number of channelization codes and
modulation degree for each HSDPA category can be found in 3GPP specs
Thursday, January 12, 2012
Some links to follow
Blogroll:
technologyhttp://3g4g.blogspot.com/ ---------probably the best
http://lte-epc.blogspot.com/ ---------purely study material on LTE
http://mobilesociety.typepad.com/mobile_life/ --------lots of personal reflections, but some really good tech reviews
http://wirelesstechbites.blogspot.com/ -------has'nt been updated since Dec 2009, still lots of good stuff here
http://wired-n-wireless.blogspot.com/ -------more stuff on LTE
http://ltewatch.blogspot.com/ --------- LTE business news
http://www.ericsson.com/thecompany/our_publications ---------technical articles, the best
Business news
http://www.dailywireless.org
http://www.xperiablog.net/
http://www.intomobile.com/
http://www.mobile-review.com/index-en.shtml
http://www.fiercewireless.com/
http://www.itbusinessedge.com/cm/blogs/weinschenk
http://disruptivewireless.blogspot.com/
http://www.wirelessweek.com/http://
ltewatch.blogspot.com/
Telecom organisations
http://www.umtsforum.org/
http://www.etsi.org/WebSite/homepage.aspx
http://www.itu.int/net/about/index.aspx
http://www.3gamericas.org/
http://www.3gpp.com/
http://www.gsacom.com/index.php4 ------------ NW vendors own stat's on existing NW capabilities
http://www.gsmworld.com/ ----------------- operators organisation
Telecom companys,
http://www.qualcomm.com/stories
http://www.nokiasiemensnetworks.com/news-events/publications
http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/publications/
http://www.stericsson.com/press/press_archive.jsp
http://www.sierrawireless.com/en/productsandservices/AirPrime/Wireless_Modules/High-speed.aspx http://www.huaweidevice.com/worldwide/productDirectory.domethod=index&directoryId=2041&treeId=41
http://www.option.com/en/products/products/embedded-mobile-broadband/
technologyhttp://3g4g.blogspot.com/ ---------probably the best
http://lte-epc.blogspot.com/ ---------purely study material on LTE
http://mobilesociety.typepad.com/mobile_life/ --------lots of personal reflections, but some really good tech reviews
http://wirelesstechbites.blogspot.com/ -------has'nt been updated since Dec 2009, still lots of good stuff here
http://wired-n-wireless.blogspot.com/ -------more stuff on LTE
http://ltewatch.blogspot.com/ --------- LTE business news
http://www.ericsson.com/thecompany/our_publications ---------technical articles, the best
Business news
http://www.dailywireless.org
http://www.xperiablog.net/
http://www.intomobile.com/
http://www.mobile-review.com/index-en.shtml
http://www.fiercewireless.com/
http://www.itbusinessedge.com/cm/blogs/weinschenk
http://disruptivewireless.blogspot.com/
http://www.wirelessweek.com/http://
ltewatch.blogspot.com/
Telecom organisations
http://www.umtsforum.org/
http://www.etsi.org/WebSite/homepage.aspx
http://www.itu.int/net/about/index.aspx
http://www.3gamericas.org/
http://www.3gpp.com/
http://www.gsacom.com/index.php4 ------------ NW vendors own stat's on existing NW capabilities
http://www.gsmworld.com/ ----------------- operators organisation
Telecom companys,
http://www.qualcomm.com/stories
http://www.nokiasiemensnetworks.com/news-events/publications
http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/publications/
http://www.stericsson.com/press/press_archive.jsp
http://www.sierrawireless.com/en/productsandservices/AirPrime/Wireless_Modules/High-speed.aspx http://www.huaweidevice.com/worldwide/productDirectory.domethod=index&directoryId=2041&treeId=41
http://www.option.com/en/products/products/embedded-mobile-broadband/
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